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Alcoholism
Sep 5th
Classification
Alcohol and Health
Short-term effects of alcohol
Long-term effects of alcohol
Alcohol and cardiovascular disease
Alcoholic liver disease
Alcoholic hepatitis
Alcohol and cancer
Alcohol and weight
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Alcoholism
Blackout (alcohol-related amnesia)
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Recommended maximum intake
Wine and health
The definitions of alcoholism and related terminology vary significantly between the medical community, treatment programs, and the general public.
Medical definitions
The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and The American Society of Addiction Medicine define alcoholism as “a primary, chronic disease characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking.” The DSM-IV (the dominant diagnostic manual in psychiatry and psychology) defines alcohol abuse as repeated use despite recurrent adverse consequences. It further defines alcohol dependence as alcohol abuse combined with tolerance, withdrawal, and an uncontrollable drive to drink. (See DSM diagnosis below.) Within psychology and psychiatry, alcoholism is the popular term for alcohol dependence.
Terminology
Many terms are applied to a drinker’s relationship with alcohol. Use, misuse, heavy use, abuse, addiction, and dependence are all common labels used to describe drinking habits, but the actual meaning of these words can vary greatly depending upon the context in which they are used. Even within the medical field, the definition can vary between areas of specialization. Because alcoholism is often used in a derogatory sense in politics and religion, the meanings of the words surrounding it are often used imprecisely.
Use refers to simple use of a substance. An individual who drinks any alcoholic beverage is using alcohol. Misuse, problem use, abuse, and heavy use refers to improper use of alcohol which may cause physical, social, or moral harm to the drinker.
Moderate Use is defined by The Dietary Guidelines for Americans as no more than two alcoholic beverages per day for men and no more than one alcoholic beverage per day for women.
Risk factors
About 40 percent of those who begin drinking alcohol before age 14 develop alcohol dependence, whereas only 10 percent of those who did not begin drinking until 20 years or older developed an alcohol problem in later life, although it should be born in mind that Correlation does not imply causation. Alcohol abuse during adolescence may lead to long-term changes in the brain which leaves them at increased risk of alcoholism in later years; genetic factors also influence age of onset of alcohol abuse and risk of alcoholism.
The age of onset of drinking as well as genetic factors are associated with an increased risk of the development of alcoholism. Individuals who have a pre-existing vulnerability to alcoholism are also more likely to begin drinking earlier than average. The risk taking behavior associated with adolescence promotes binge drinking. Age and genetic factors influence the risk of developing alcohol related neurotoxicity. Genetic traits which influence the risk of the development of alcoholism are associated with a family history of alcoholism. One published article has found that alcohol use at an early age may itself directly influence the risk of developing alcoholism via influencing the expression of genes which increase the risk of alcohol dependence. It has been hypothesized that this increased risk may be due to the highly sensitive developing adolescent brain which leads to modulating of the genetic state of the brain which in turn primes the adolescent for increased risk of alcohol dependence. About 40 percent of alcoholics were drinking excessively by late adolescence. Most alcoholics develop alcoholism during adolescence or young adulthood. Severe childhood trauma is also associated with an increased risk of alcohol or other drug problems. There is evidence that a complex mixture of genetic factors as well as environmental factors, e.g. stressful childhood events, influence the risk of the development of alcoholism. Genes which influence the metabolism of alcohol also influence the risk of alcoholism. Good peer and family support is associated with a reduced risk of alcoholism developing.
Signs and symptoms
Effects of long term alcohol misuse
Main article: Long-term effects of alcohol
Most significant of the possible long-term effects of ethanol. Additionally, in pregnant women, it causes fetal alcohol syndrome.
The primary effect of alcoholism is to encourage the sufferer to drink at times and in amounts that are damaging to physical health. The secondary damage caused by an inability to control one’s drinking manifests in many ways. Alcoholism also has significant social costs to both the alcoholic and their family and friends. Alcoholism can have adverse effects on mental health causing psychiatric disorders to develop. Approximately 18 percent of alcoholics commit suicide. Research has found that over fifty percent of all suicides are associated with alcohol or drug dependence. In adolescents the figure is higher with alcohol or drug misuse playing a role in up to 70 percent of suicides.
Physical health effects
The physical health effects associated with alcohol consumption may include cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, epilepsy, polyneuropathy, alcoholic dementia, heart disease, increased chance of cancer, nutritional deficiencies, sexual dysfunction, and death from many sources. Severe cognitive problems are not uncommon in alcoholics. Approximately 10% of all dementia cases are alcohol related making alcohol the 2nd leading cause of dementia. Other adverse effects on physical health include an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, malabsorption, alcoholic liver disease, and cancer. Damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur from sustained alcohol consumption.
Mental health effects
Long term misuse of alcohol can cause a wide range of mental health effects. Alcohol misuse is not only toxic to the body but also to brain function and thus psychological well being can be adversely affected by the long-term effects of misuse. Psychiatric disorders are common in alcoholics, especially anxiety and depression disorders, with as many as 25% of alcoholics presenting with severe psychiatric disturbances. Typically these psychiatric symptoms caused by alcohol misuse initially worsen during alcohol withdrawal but with abstinence these psychiatric symptoms typically gradually improve or disappear altogether. Psychosis, confusion and organic brain syndrome may be induced by chronic alcohol abuse which can lead to a misdiagnosis of major mental health disorders such as schizophrenia. Panic disorder can develop as a direct result of long term alcohol misuse. Panic disorder can also worsen or occur as part of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Chronic alcohol misuse can cause panic disorder to develop or worsen an underlying panic disorder via distortion of the neurochemical system in the brain.
The co-occurrence of major depressive disorder and alcoholism is well documented. Among those with comorbid occurrences, a distinction is commonly made between depressive episodes that are secondary to the pharmacological or toxic effects of heavy alcohol use and remit with abstinence, and depressive episodes that are primary and do not remit with abstinence. Additional use of other drugs may increase the risk of depression in alcoholics. Depressive episodes with an onset prior to heavy drinking or those that continue in the absence of heavy drinking are typically referred to as “independent” episodes, whereas those that appear to be etiologically related to heavy drinking are termed “substance-induced”. There is a high rate of suicide in chronic alcoholics with the risk of suicide increasing the longer a person drinks. The reasons believed to cause the increased risk of suicide in alcoholics include the long-term abuse of alcohol causing physiological distortion of brain chemistry as well as the social isolation which is common in alcoholics. Suicide is also very common in adolescent alcohol abusers, with 1 in 4 suicides in adolescents being related to alcohol abuse.
Social effects
The social problems arising from alcoholism can be massive and are caused in part due to the serious pathological changes induced in the brain from prolonged alcohol misuse and partly because of the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Alcohol abuse is also associated with increased risks of committing criminal offences including child abuse, domestic violence, rapes, burglaries and assaults. Alcoholism is associated with loss of employment, which can lead to financial problems including the loss of living quarters. Drinking at inappropriate times, and behavior caused by reduced judgment, can lead to legal consequences, such as criminal charges for drunk driving or public disorder, or civil penalties for tortious behavior. An alcoholic’s behavior and mental impairment while drunk can profoundly impact those surrounding them and lead to isolation fromfamily and friends, possibly leading to marital conflict and divorce, or contributing to domestic violence. This can contribute to a loss of self-esteem and even lead to jail. Alcoholism can also lead to child neglect, with subsequent lasting damage to the emotional development of the alcoholic’s children, even after they reach adulthood.
Alcohol withdrawal
Main article: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Alcohol withdrawal differs significantly from most other drugs in that it can be directly fatal. For example it is extremely rare for heroin withdrawal to be fatal. When people die from heroin or cocaine withdrawal they typically have serious underlying health problems which are made worse by the strain of acute withdrawal. An alcoholic, however, who has no serious health issues, has a significant risk of dying from the direct effects of withdrawal if it is not properly managed. Sedative-hypnotic drugs such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines which have a similar mechanism of action to alcohol (which is also a sedative-hypnotic) also have a similar risk of causing death during withdrawal.
Alcohol’s primary effect is the increase in stimulation of the GABAA receptor, promoting central nervous system depression. With repeated heavy consumption of alcohol, these receptors are desensitized and reduced in number, resulting in tolerance and physical dependence. Thus when alcohol is stopped, especially abruptly, the person’s nervous system suffers from uncontrolled synapse firing. This can result in symptoms that include anxiety, life threatening seizures, delirium tremens and hallucinations, shakes and possible heart failure.
Acute withdrawal symptoms tend to subside after one to three weeks. Less severe symptoms (e.g. insomnia and anxiety, anhedonia) may continue as part of a post withdrawal syndrome gradually improving with abstinence for a year or more. Withdrawal symptoms begin to subside as the body and central nervous system makes adaptations to reverse tolerance and restore GABA function towards normal. Other neurotransmitter systems are involved, especially glutamate and NMDA.
Diagnosis
Multiple tools are available to those wishing to conduct screening for alcoholism. Identification involves an objective assessment regarding the damage that imbibing alcohol does to the drinker’s life compared with the subjective benefits the drinker perceives from consuming alcohol. While there are many cases where an alcoholic’s life has been significantly and obviously damaged, there are always borderline cases that can be difficult to classify.
Addiction Medicine specialists have extensive training with respect to diagnosing and treating patients with alcoholism.
Screening
Several tools may be used to detect a loss of control of alcohol use. These tools are mostly self reports in questionnaire form. Another common theme is a score or tally that sums up the general severity of alcohol use.
The CAGE questionnaire, named for its four questions, is one such example that may be used to screen patients quickly in a doctor’s office.
Two “yes” responses indicate that the respondent should be investigated further. The questionnaire asks the following questions:
Have you ever felt you needed to Cut down on your drinking?
Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?
Have you ever felt Guilty about drinking?
Have you ever felt you needed a drink first thing in the morning (Eye-opener) to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover?
The CAGE questionnaire, has demonstrated a high effectiveness in detecting alcohol related problems; however, it has limitations in people with less severe alcohol related problems, white women and college students.
The Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire is a more sensitive diagnostic test than the CAGE test. It helps distinguish a diagnosis of alcohol dependence from one of heavy alcohol use.
The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) is a screening tool for alcoholism widely used by courts to determine the appropriate sentencing for people convicted of alcohol-related offenses, driving under the influence being the most common.
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a screening questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization. This test is unique in that it has been validated in six countries and is used internationally. Like the CAGE questionnaire, it uses a simple set of questions – a high score earning a deeper investigation.
The Paddington Alcohol Test (PAT) was designed to screen for alcohol related problems amongst those attending Accident and Emergency departments. It concords well with the AUDIT questionnaire but is administered in a fifth of the time.
Genetic predisposition testing
Psychiatric geneticists John I. Nurnberger, Jr., and Laura Jean Bierut suggest that alcoholism does not have a single causencluding geneticut that genes do play an important role “by affecting processes in the body and brain that interact with one another and with an individual’s life experiences to produce protection or susceptibility.” They also report that fewer than a dozen alcoholism-related genes have been identified, but that more likely await discovery.
At least one genetic test exists for an allele that is correlated to alcoholism and opiate addiction. Human dopamine receptor genes have a detectable variation referred to as the DRD2 TaqI polymorphism. Those who possess the A1 allele (variation) of this polymorphism have a small but significant tendency towards addiction to opiates and endorphin releasing drugs like alcohol. Although this allele is slightly more common in alcoholics and opiate addicts, it is not by itself an adequate predictor of alcoholism, and some researchers argue that evidence for DRD2 is contradictory.
DSM diagnosis
The DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence represents one approach to the definition of alcoholism. In part this is to assist in the development of research protocols in which findings can be compared with one another. According to the DSM-IV, an alcohol dependence diagnosis is:
…maladaptive alcohol use with clinically significant impairment as manifested by at least three of the following within any one-year period: tolerance; withdrawal; taken in greater amounts or over longer time course than intended; desire or unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control use; great deal of time spent obtaining, using, or recovering from use; social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced; continued use despite knowledge of physical or psychological sequelae.
Urine and blood tests
There are reliable tests for the actual use of alcohol, one common test being that of blood alcohol content (BAC). These tests do not differentiate alcoholics from non-alcoholics; however, long-term heavy drinking does have a few recognizable effects on the body, including:
Macrocytosis (enlarged MCV)1
Elevated GGT
Moderate elevation of AST and ALT and an AST: ALT ratio of 2:1.
High carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT)
However, none of these blood tests for biological markers are as sensitive as screening questionaires.
Prevention
Because alcohol use disorders are perceived as impacting society as a whole, World Health Organization, the European Union and other regional bodies, national governments and parliaments have formed alcohol policies in order to reduce the harm of alcoholism.
To combat the health, social and educational underachievement which results from alcohol or drug dependence targeting adolescents and young adults is regarded as an important step to reduce the harm of alcohol abuse. The age at which licit drugs of abuse such as alcohol can be purchased as well as banning or restricting advertising of alcohol has been recommended. Credible and evidence based educational drives in the mass media about the consequences of alcohol and other drug abuse has also been recommended. Guidelines for parents on alcohol and drug use during adolescence and targeting young people with mental health problems has also been suggested to prevent the harm of alcohol and other drug abuse.
Management
Treatments for alcoholism (antidipsotropic) are quite varied because there are multiple perspectives for the condition itself. Those who approach alcoholism as a medical condition or disease recommend differing treatments than, for instance, those who approach the condition as one of social choice.
Most treatments focus on helping people discontinue their alcohol intake, followed up with life training and/or social support in order to help them resist a return to alcohol use. Since alcoholism involves multiple factors which encourage a person to continue drinking, they must all be addressed in order to successfully prevent a relapse. An example of this kind of treatment is detoxification followed by a combination of supportive therapy, attendance at self-help groups, and ongoing development of coping mechanisms. The treatment community for alcoholism typically supports an abstinence-based zero tolerance approach; however, there are some who promote a harm-reduction approach as well.
Effectiveness
When considering the effectiveness of treatment options, one must consider the success rate based on those who enter a program, not just those who complete it. Since completion of a program is the qualification for success, success among those who complete a program is generally near 100%. It is also important to consider not just the rate of those reaching treatment goals but the rate of those relapsing. Results should also be compared to the roughly 5% rate at which people will quit on their own. A year after completing a rehab program, about a third of alcoholics are sober, an additional 40 percent are substantially improved but still drink heavily on occasion, and a quarter have completely relapsed.
Detoxification
Main article: Alcohol detoxification
Alcohol detoxification or ‘detox’ for alcoholics is an abrupt stop of alcohol drinking coupled with the substitution of drugs that have similar effects to prevent alcohol withdrawal.
Detoxification treats the physical effects of prolonged use of alcohol, but does not actually treat alcoholism. After detox is complete, relapse is likely without further treatment. These rehabilitations (or ‘rehabs’) may take place in an inpatient or outpatient setting.
Group therapy and psychotherapy
A regional service center for Alcoholics Anonymous.
After detoxification, various forms of group therapy or psychotherapy can be used to deal with underlying psychological issues that are related to alcohol addiction, as well as provide relapse prevention skills.
The mutual-help group-counseling approach is one of the most common ways of helping alcoholics maintain sobriety. Many organizations have been formed to provide this service. Alcoholics Anonymous was the first group, and has more members than all other programs combined. Some of the others include LifeRing Secular Recovery, Rational Recovery, SMART Recovery, and Women For Sobriety.
Rationing and moderation
Rationing and moderation programs such as Moderation Management and DrinkWise do not mandate complete abstinence. While most alcoholics are unable to limit their drinking in this way, some return to moderate drinking. A 2002 U.S. study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) showed that 17.7% of individuals diagnosed as alcohol dependent more than one year prior returned to low-risk drinking. This group, however, showed fewer initial symptoms of dependency. A follow-up study, using the same subjects that were judged to be in remission in 2001-2002, examined the rates of return to problem drinking in 2004-2005. The study found abstinence from alcohol was the most stable form of remission for recovering alcoholics. A long-term (60 year) follow-up of two groups of alcoholic men concluded that “return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence.”
Medications
A variety of medications may be prescribed as part of treatment for alcoholism.
Medications currently in use
Antabuse (disulfiram) prevents the elimination of acetaldehyde, a chemical the body produces when breaking down ethanol. Acetaldehyde itself is the cause of many hangover symptoms from alcohol use. The overall effect is severe discomfort when alcohol is ingested: an extremely fast-acting and long-lasting uncomfortable hangover. This discourages an alcoholic from drinking in significant amounts while they take the medicine. A recent 9-year study found that incorporation of supervised disulfiram and a related compound carbamide into a comprehensive treatment program resulted in an abstinence rate of over 50%.
Temposil (calcium carbimide) works in the same way as Antabuse, but is weaker and safer[citation needed].
Naltrexone is a competitive antagonist for opioid receptors, effectively blocking our ability to use endorphins and opiates. Alcohol causes the body to release endorphins, hence when naltrexone is in the body drinkers no longer get any pleasure from consuming alcohol. Naltrexone is used in two very different forms of treatment. The first treatment uses naltrexone to decrease cravings for alcohol and encourage abstinence. The other treatment, called pharmacological extinction, combines naltrexone with normal drinking habits in order to reverse the endorphin conditioning that causes alcohol addiction. This results in a reduced desire to drink that persists after naltrexone use is discontinued, as long as the patient always takes naltrexone before drinking.
Naltrexone comes in two forms. Oral naltrexone (originally but no longer available as the brand ReVia) is a pill that must be taken one hour before drinking to be effective. Vivitrol is a time-release formulation that is injected in the buttocks once a month.
Acamprosate (also known as Campral) is thought to stabilize the chemical balance of the brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcoholism. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved this drug in 2004, saying “While its mechanism of action is not fully understood, Campral is thought to act on the brain pathways related to alcohol abuse… Campral proved superior to placebo in maintaining abstinence for a short period of time…” The COMBINE study was unable to demonstrate efficacy for Acamprosate.
Experimental Medications
Many experimental medications are presently in clinical trials for the treatment of alcoholism. Promising results have been obtained with anticonvulsant drugs usually used to treat epilepsy.
Topiramate (brand name Topamax), a derivative of the naturally occurring sugar monosaccharide D-fructose, has been found effective in helping alcoholics quit or cut back on the amount they drink. In one study heavy drinkers were six times more likely to remain abstinent for a month if they took the medication, even in small doses. In another study, those who received topiramate had fewer heavy drinking days, fewer drinks per day and more days of continuous abstinence than those who received the placebo. Evidence suggests that topiramate antagonizes excitatory glutamate receptors, inhibits dopamine release, and enhances inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid function. A 2008 review of the effectiness of topiramate concluded that the results of published trials are promising, however at this time, data are insufficient to support using topiramate in conjunction with brief weekly compliance counseling as a first-line agent for alcohol dependence.
Medications which may worsen outcome
Benzodiazepines, whilst useful in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal, if used long-term cause a worse outcome in alcoholism. Alcoholics on chronic benzodiazepines have a lower rate of achieving abstinence from alcohol than those not taking benzodiazepines. This class of drugs are commonly prescribed to alcoholics for insomnia or anxiety management. Initiating prescriptions of Benzodiazepines or sedative-hypnotics in individuals in recovery has a high rate of relapse with one author reporting more than a quarter of people relapse after being prescribed sedative-hypnotics. Patients often mistakenly think that they are sober despite continuing to take benzodiazepines. Those who are long-term users of benzodiazepines should not be withdrawn rapidly, taper regimes of 612 months have been found to be the most successful, with reduced intensity of withdrawal.
Dual addictions
The AMA definition of alcoholism refers to a disease entity involving the compulsive use of alcohol despite social, physical and mental harm.[citation needed]. The DSM-IV definition of alcohol dependence refers to alcohol only, and DSM-IV uses sedative dependence to refer to the disease entity involving non-alcohol sedative agents.[citation needed]
Alcoholics may also require treatment for other psychotropic drug addictions. The most common dual addiction in alcohol dependence is a benzodiazepine dependence with studies showing 10 – 20% of alcohol dependent individuals having problems of dependence and/or misuse problems of benzodiazepines. Alcohol itself is a sedative-hypnotic and is cross-tolerant with other sedative-hypnotics such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines and the nonbenzodiazepines. Dependence on other sedative hypnotics such as zolpidem and zopiclone as well as opiates and illegal drugs is common in alcoholics. Dependence and withdrawal from sedative hypnotics, eg benzodiazepine withdrawal is similar to alcohol and can be medically severe and include the risk of psychosis and seizures if not managed properly. Benzodiazepine dependency requires careful reduction in dosage to avoid a serious benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome and health consequences. Benzodiazepines have the problem of increasing cravings for alcohol in problem alcohol consumers. Benzodiazepines also increase the volume of alcohol consumed by problem drinkers.
Epidemiology
Disability-adjusted life year for alcohol use disorders per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.
no data less than 50 50-150 150-250 250-350 350-450 450-550 550-650 650-750 750-850 850-950 950-1050 more than 1050
Total recorded yearly alcohol per capita consumption (15+), in litres of pure alcohol
Substance use disorders are a major public health problem facing many countries. “The most common substance of abuse/dependence in patients presenting for treatment is alcohol.” In the United Kingdom, the number of ‘dependent drinkers’ was calculated as over 2.8 million in 2001. The World Health Organization estimates that about 140 million people throughout the world suffer from alcohol dependence. In the United States and western Europe 10 to 20% of men and 5 to 10% of women at some point in their lives will meet criteria for alcoholism.
Within the medical and scientific communities, there is broad consensus regarding alcoholism as a disease state. For example, the American Medical Association considers alcohol a drug and states that “drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite often devastating consequences. It results from a complex interplay of biological vulnerability, environmental exposure, and developmental factors (e.g., stage of brain maturity).”
Current evidence indicates that in both men and women, alcoholism is 50-60% genetically determined, leaving 40-50% for environmental influences.
A 2002 study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism surveyed a group of 4,422 adults meeting the criteria for alcohol dependence and found that after one year, some met the authors’ criteria for low-risk drinking, even though only 25.5% of the group received any treatment, with the breakdown as follows:
25% still dependent
27.3% in partial remission (some symptoms persist)
11.8% asymptomatic drinkers (consumption increases chances of relapse)
35.9% fully recovered made up of 17.7% low-risk drinkers plus 18.2% abstainers.
In contrast, however, the results of a long term (60 year) follow-up of two groups of alcoholic men by George Vaillant at Harvard Medical School indicated that “return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence.” Vaillant also noted that “return-to-controlled drinking, as reported in short-term studies, is often a mirage.”
History
Etymology
1904 advertisement describing alcoholism as a disease.
The term “alcoholism” was first used in 1849 by the Swedish physician Magnus Huss to describe the systematic adverse effects of alcohol.
In the United States, use of the word “alcoholism” was largely popularized by the founding and growth of Alcoholics Anonymous in 1935[citation needed]. AA’s basic text, known as the “Big Book,” describes alcoholism as an illness that involves a physical allergy:p.xxviii and a mental obsession.:p.23 Note that the definition of “allergy” used in this context is not the same as used in modern medicine. . The doctor and addiction specialist Dr. William D. Silkworth M.D. writes on behalf of AA that Alcoholics suffer from a “(physical) craving beyond mental control”.
A 1960 study by E. Morton Jellinek is considered the foundation of the modern disease theory of alcoholism. Jellinek’s definition restricted the use of the word “alcoholism” to those showing a particular natural history. The modern medical definition of alcoholism has been revised numerous times since then. The American Medical Association currently uses the word alcoholism to refer to a particular chronic primary disease.
A minority opinion within the field, notably advocated by Herbert Fingarette and Stanton Peele, argue against the existence of alcoholism as a disease. Critics of the disease model tend to use the term “heavy drinking” when discussing the negative effects of alcohol consumption.
Society and culture
The various health problems associated with long-term alcohol consumption are generally perceived as detrimental to society, for example, money due to lost labor-hours, medical costs, and secondary treatment costs. Alcohol use is a major contributing factor for head injuries, motor vehicle accidents, violence, and assaults. Beyond money, there is also the pain and suffering of the individuals besides the alcoholic affected. For instance, alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman can lead to Fetal alcohol syndrome, an incurable and damaging condition.
Estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse, collected by the World Health Organization, vary from one to six per cent of a country’s GDP. One Australian estimate pegged alcohol’s social costs at 24 per cent of all drug abuse costs; a similar Canadian study concluded alcohol’s share was 41 per cent.
A study quantified the cost to the UK of all forms of alcohol misuse as 18.520 billion annually (2001 figures).
Stereotypes
Depiction of a wino or town drunk
Stereotypes of alcoholics are often found in fiction and popular culture. The ‘town drunk’ is a stock character in Western popular culture.
Stereotypes of drunkenness may be based on racism or xenophobia, as in the depiction of the Irish as heavy drinkers.
Studies by social psychologists Stivers and Greeley attempt to document the perceived prevalence of high alcohol consumption amongst the Irish in America.
Alcohol-related crime
See also: Drug-related crime
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. (July 2009)
Of the adult US population, at least 75% are drinkers; and about 6% of the total group are alcoholics. In groups which are almost 100% drinkers, the alcoholism rate is about 8%. Many reports state that about 73% of felonies are alcohol-related. One survey shows that in about 67% of child-beating cases, 41% of forcible rape cases, 80% of wife-battering, 72% of stabbings, and 83% of homicides, either the attacker or the victim or both had been drinking.”
In film and literature
In modern times, the recovery movement has led to more realistic depictions of problems that stem from heavy alcohol use. Authors such as Charles R. Jackson and Charles Bukowski describe their own alcohol addiction in their writings. The disjointed narrative of Patrick Hamilton’s Hangover Square reflects the alcoholism of its central character. A famous depiction of alcoholism, and the psychology of an alcoholic, is in Malcolm Lowry’s widely acclaimed novel Under the Volcano, which details the final day of the British consul Geoffrey Firmin on the Day of the Dead in 1939 Mexico and his choice to continue his extreme alcohol consumption instead of returning to the wife he loves.
Films like Bad Santa, Barfly, Days of Wine and Roses, Ironweed, My Name Is Bill W., Withnail and I, Arthur, Leaving Las Vegas, When a Man Loves a Woman, Shattered Spirits and The Lost Weekend chronicle similar stories of alcoholism.
Women and alcoholism
Alcoholism has a higher prevalence among men, though in recent decades, the proportion of female alcoholics has increased. It is important to articulate the different biological and social ways alcoholism manifests in women in order to understand barriers to treatment and effective recovery strategies.
William Hogarth’s Gin Lane, 1751.
Biological differences and physiological effects
Biologically, women have symptom profiles from their alcohol use that differ in important ways from men. They experience a telescoping of physiological effects from alcohol use. Equal dosages of alcohol consumed by men and women generally result in women having higher blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). This can be attributed to many reasons, the main being that women have less body water than men. A given amount of alcohol, therefore becomes more highly concentrated in a woman’s body. Besides this fact, women also become more intoxicated, which is due to different hormone release.
Women develop long-term complications of alcohol dependence more rapidly than do alcoholic men. Additionally, women have a higher mortality rate from alcoholism than men. Examples of long term complications include brain, heart, and liver damage and an increased risk for breast cancer (see alcohol and breast cancer). Additionally, heavy drinking over time has been found to have a negative effect on reproductive functioning in women. This results in reproductive dysfunction such as anovulation, decreased ovarian mass, irregular menses, amenorrhea, luteal phase dysfunction, and early menopause.
Psychological and emotional effects
Psychiatric disorders are generally more prevalent among those with alcohol disorders. This is true for both men and women, however the disorders differ depending on gender. Women who have alcohol-use disorders often have co-occurring psychiatric diagnosis such as major depression, anxiety, panic disorder, bulimia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or borderline personality disorder. Men with alcohol-use disorders more often have co-occurring diagnosis of narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, impulse disorders and attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.
Women with alcoholism are also more likely to have a history of physical or sexual assault, abuse and domestic violence than those in the general population. This trauma can lead to higher instances of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and a greater dependence on alcohol.
Societal barriers to treatment
Attitudes and social stereotypes about women and alcohol can create barriers to the detection and treatment of female alcohol abusers. Such beliefs stigmatize women who drink by characterizing them as “both generally and sexually immoral” or the “fallen women.” Fear of stigmatization may lead women to deny that they are suffering from a medical condition, to hide their drinking, and to drink alone. This pattern, in turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be less likely to suspect that a woman they know is an alcoholic.
In contrast, attitudes and social stereotypes about men and alcohol can lower barriers to the detection and treatment of male alcohol abusers. Such beliefs reward men who drink by characterizing them as “both generally and sexually moral” or the “risen men.” Reduced fear of stigma may lead men to admit that they are suffering from a medical condition, to publicly display their drinking, and to drink in groups. This pattern, in turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be more likely to suspect that a man they know is an alcoholic. Women also tend to have a greater fear that the negative implications from the stigma will reflect poorly on their families. This may also keep them from seeking help.
Implications for treatment
Research has indicated a lack of adequate training for practitioners both in problematic alcohol use in general, and in relation to women’s issues. The complexity of alcohol use disorders, particularly with gender-related issues, indicates that the need for practitioners’ knowledge, insight and compassion is enormous. Better education and awareness surrounding the gender implications of alcoholism will help care providers to adequately treat women who suffer from alcoholism. Early intervention will also increase the probability of recovery.
See also
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alcoholism
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alcoholism
Alcohol consumption and health
Alcoholism in family systems
Alcohol dementia
Alcohol-related traffic crashes
Alcohol tolerance
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Alcoholic lung disease
Binge drinking
List of countries by alcohol consumption
Alcohol intoxication
E. Morton Jellinek
Ethanol Metabolism biochemical discussion of alcohol metabolism
Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Hangover
List of deaths through alcohol
Substance abuse
Self-medication
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Willingway Hospital
Medical diagnostics to test for alcohol use
Blood alcohol content
Full blood count
Liver function tests
Al-Anon and Alateen: support groups for friends and families affected by alcoholism
References
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New Orleans Saints
Aug 30th
History
Main article: History of the New Orleans Saints
Early history
The brainchild of local sports entrepreneur Dave Dixon, who also founded the Louisiana Superdome and the USFL, the Saints were actually secretly born in a backroom deal brought about by Congressman Hale Boggs, Senator Russell Long and NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle. The NFL needed congressional approval of the proposed AFL-NFL merger. Dixon and a local civic group had been seeking a NFL franchise for over 5 years, and had hosted record crowds to NFL exhibition games. To seal the merger, Rozelle arrived in New Orleans within a week, and announced on November 1, 1966 that the NFL officially had awarded the city of New Orleans an NFL franchise. Named for the great jazz song most identified with New Orleans “When the Saints Go Marching In,” the franchise was announced in a great coincidence on November 1st, which is the Catholic All Saints’ Day. Boggs’ Congressional committee in turn quickly approved the NFL merger. John W. Mecom, Jr., a young oilman from Houston, became the team’s first majority stockholder. The team’s colors, black and gold, symbolized both Mecom’s and New Orleans’ strong ties to the oil (“black gold”) industry.[citation needed] Trumpeter Al Hirt was part owner of the team, and his rendition of “When the Saints Go Marching In” was made the official fight song.
That first season started with a 94 yard opening kickoff return for a touchdown by John Gilliam, but the Saints lost that game 2713 to the Los Angeles Rams at Tulane Stadium. Their first season record was 311, which set an NFL record for most wins by an expansion team. However, they could not manage to finish as high as second in their division until 1979. That 1979 team and the 1983 team were the only ones to even finish at .500 until 1987.
One of the franchise’s shining moments came on November 8, 1970, when Tom Dempsey kicked an NFL record-breaking 63-yard field goal to defeat the Detroit Lions by a score of 1917 in the final seconds of the game. This record, although equaled 29 years later by Jason Elam of the Denver Broncos, has yet to be broken.
In 1980, the Saints lost their first 14 games, prompting local sportscaster Bernard “Buddy D” Diliberto to advise Saints supporters to wear paper bags over their heads at the team’s home games; many bags rendered the club’s name as the “‘Aints” rather than the “Saints.” The practice of wearing a bag over one’s head then spread rapidly, first to fans of other poorly performing teams within the NFL, and ultimately to those of other American team sports, and has become a firmly established custom throughout the United States.
Mora era
Current Saints owner Tom Benson acquired the franchise in 1985, and hired Jim Finks as general manager and Jim Mora as head coach. That combination provided the Saints with their first-ever winning record and playoff appearance, going 123 in 1987, which had one fewer game than normal due to a players’ strike. Another playoff berth would follow in 1990, and the club’s first division title came in 1991. During Mora’s tenure the Saints made the playoffs four times, with teams marked by strong defenses led by the “Dome Patrol” linebacking corps, but they were never able to win a playoff game. Mora coached the Saints until the middle of the 1996 season, when he stepped down halfway through a 313 season.
Ditka era
After the end of the 1996 season, ironically as Diliberto had suggested before Mora’s resignation, former Chicago Bears coach Mike Ditka was hired to replace Mora. Although this initially generated a lot of excitement among Saints fans, Ditka’s tenure ended up being a failure. The Saints went 610 in their first two seasons under Ditka (1997 and 1998). During the 1999 NFL Draft, Ditka traded all of his picks for that season, as well as the first-round and third-round picks for the following season, to the Washington Redskins in order to draft University of Texas Heisman Trophy running back Ricky Williams in the first round. Ditka and Williams had a mock wedding picture taken to commemorate the occasion. However, Ditka, most of his coaching staff, and general manager Bill Kuharich were fired at the end of the 1999 season due to the club’s 313 record.
Haslett era
Jim Haslett held the post from 2000 to 2005. In his first year, he took the team to the playoffs but lost to the Minnesota Vikings a week after beating the St. Louis Rams for the team’s first ever playoff win. After winning the 2000 NFL Executive of the Year Award, General Manager Randy Mueller was fired between the 2001 and 2002 seasons without explanation by Benson. The Saints failed to make the playoffs in 2001 and 2002, although in the latter year they had the distinction of beating the eventual Super Bowl XXXVII champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in both of their regular season meetings, only the second team to do so in NFL history.
In 2003, the Saints again missed the playoffs after finishing 88. The 2004 season started poorly for the Saints, as they went 24 through their first six games and 48 through their first twelve games. At that point Haslett’s job appeared to be in jeopardy; however, he managed to win the three straight games leading up to the season finale, leaving the Saints in playoff contention in the final week of the season. In week 17, the Saints defeated division rivals Carolina; however, the Saints needed other results to break their way and when the St. Louis Rams beat the New York Jets the Saints were eliminated despite having beaten the Rams, who finished with the same record. The Rams, Saints, and Vikings all were 88, with the Rams having a 75 conference record, Saints 66, and the Vikings 57. The Rams received the #1 wild-card due to having the best conference record out of the 3, followed by the Vikings due to the 3316 loss handed to the Saints in Week 3. Haslett was fired after the 2005 season, in which the Saints finished 313 and did not play one regular season contest in New Orleans due to Hurricane Katrina. On January 17, 2006, the Saints hired Sean Payton as their new head coach.
Effect of Hurricane Katrina
Main article: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints
Due to the damage Hurricane Katrina caused to the Superdome and the New Orleans area, the Saints’ scheduled 2005 home opener against the New York Giants was moved to Giants Stadium. The remainder of their 2005 home games were split between the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, and LSU’s Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Payton era
2006: Homecoming and postseason
For detailed information on the team’s 2006 season, see 2006 New Orleans Saints season.
On March 23, the Saints announced that the team’s two 2006 preseason games were to be played at Shreveport, Louisiana and Jackson, Mississippi.
After a $185 million renovation of the historic stadium, on April 6 the Saints released their 2006 schedule, with all home games scheduled to be played at the Superdome. On September 19, Saints owner Tom Benson announced that the team had sold out the Louisiana Superdome for the entire season with season tickets alone (70,001 seats), a first in franchise history.[citation needed]
The September 25, 2006 home opener, the first home game in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, was won by the Saints 233 against the Atlanta Falcons, who were undefeated in the 2006 season at that time. The attendance for the game was a sellout crowd of 70,003. Meanwhile, the broadcast of the game was ESPN’s highest-ever rated program to date, with an 11.8 rating, and viewership by 10,850,000 homes. It was the most-watched program for the night, broadcast or cable, and was the second-highest rated cable program of all time at the time. Green Day and U2 performed “Wake Me Up When September Ends” and “The Saints Are Coming” , respectively, before the game. The game received a 2007 ESPY award for “Best Moment in Sports.”
On December 17, 2006, the Saints clinched their third division title and their first NFC South title in franchise history. For the first time in Saints’ history, they clinched their NFC South title on their home field. Sean Payton became the second consecutive Saints coach to win a division title in his first season. After a loss by the Dallas Cowboys to the Philadelphia Eagles on Christmas Day 2006, the Saints clinched a first-round playoff bye for the first time in franchise history.
After the first-round bye, the Saints beat the Philadelphia Eagles 2724 in the Superdome in the 2006 Divisional Playoffs. No team had ever had such a poor record in the prior year (313) and then gone on to a league or conference championship game since the 1999 St. Louis Rams who advanced to win their first Super Bowl after being 412 the season before. Since the Saints’ only previous playoff win was in the wild card round, this was the farthest the Saints had ever advanced at the time. The victory was only the second playoff win in team history.
The season ended on January 21, 2007 when the Saints lost 3914 to the Chicago Bears in the NFC Championship game.
2007
Main article: 2007 New Orleans Saints season
The Saints announced that for the second year in a row, the Louisiana Superdome had sold out every ticket for the season. Additionally, all luxury boxes had been sold out for the season.[citation needed] Both of these statistics are particularly surprising given that the city-proper has about 300,000 people or 150,000 fewer people than July 2005 population data (though the metro area still accounts for 1.2 million people).[citation needed].
The first game of the season was against the defending Super Bowl XLI champion Indianapolis Colts. The Saints lost this game, 4110, and lost their next three games. In one of these three games, against the Tennessee Titans, the Saints lost running back Deuce McAllister for the season with his second career (second time in three seasons) ACL tear. After winning their first game, against the Seattle Seahawks, two weeks later, the team went on a four-game winning streak to bring their record to an even 44. After reaching 77, the Saints lost their final two games to finish 79.
2009
Main article: 2009 New Orleans Saints season
The 2009 season was the team’s most successful season, which culminated in the franchise’s first league championship win against the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV. After becoming 130 with their win over the Atlanta Falcons, it marked the Saints’ best start to a season in its franchise history. The result clinched an NFC playoff berth, a bye in the first round of the playoffs. By winning their first 13 games, the Saints also set the record for the longest undefeated season opening (130) by an NFC team since the AFLFL merger, eclipsing the previous record (120) held by the 1985 Chicago Bears. The team advanced to the 2009 NFC Championship game where they defeated the Minnesota Vikings 3128 in overtime to win their first Super Bowl appearance in franchise history. Television ratings for Super Bowl 44 were the highest for any TV program, sports or otherwise, in history. Since the win, two media writers have referred to the Saints as “America’s Team”, as their successful bid to win the Super Bowl was seen by many to represent the city’s resurgence after the devastating Hurricane Katrina.
Logos and uniforms
Logo (2000resent)
New Orleans Saints uniform combination
New Orleans Saints alternate uniform: 2002 season
Except for minor modifications, the Saints’ logo and uniforms have basically remained the same since the club debuted in 1967. The team’s logo is a fleur-de-lis (a symbol of the City of New Orleans and of France’s Bourbon monarchy), while its uniform design consists of gold helmets, gold pants, and either black or white jerseys. Minor changes to the uniform stripes and trim have been made throughout the years. The team wore black helmets during the 1969 preseason, but NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle barred the Saints from using the helmets during the regular season, since owner John Mecom, Jr. did not notify the league office of the change.
The Saints predominantly wore white at home when the club played at Tulane Stadium from 1967 through 1974 (except in 1969 and 1970), forcing opponents to wear dark colors in the subtropical climate of New Orleans. When the surface at Tulane Stadium switched from natural grass to AstroTurf in 1971, field temperatures became hotter still. In Archie Manning’s first game, in the 1971 season opener against the Los Angeles Rams, temperatures on the field reached as high as 130 F (54 C). The heavily favored Rams wilted in the stifling heat, and the Saints claimed their first-ever victory over their NFC West rivals, 2420, on Manning’s 1-yard quarterback sneak on the last play of the game.
The Saints switched to white pants in 1975, coinciding with the team’s move from Tulane Stadium to the Superdome. One year later, they started to wear black pants with their white jerseys, a move influenced by coach Hank Stram, who introduced red pants to the Kansas City Chiefs’ uniforms in 1968. In an October 3, 1976 home game against the Houston Oilers, Hank Stram used the Saints’ road uniforms, the white jerseys and black pants. The Saints lost that game 3126. During the 198182 seasons (Bum Phillips’ first two seasons as coach), the team wore white jerseys with black pants at home, but reverted back to the black jerseys and white pants for 1983. They reverted back to wearing gold pants with both their black and white jerseys in 1986 under new coach Jim E. Mora. From 1986 through 1995, the sleeves of the jerseys and sides of the pants featured a logo with a fleur-de-lis inside an outline of the state of Louisiana. The logo replaced the striping pattern that had been on the uniforms since the team’s inception; save for color variations, the striping pattern was similar to that used by the Washington Redskins (until 1979), Green Bay Packers (until 1997), and Cleveland Browns (still in use as of 2007[update]), which is likely why the change was made. That logo was removed in 1996 and replaced with a fleur-de-lis on both the sleeves and sides of the pants.
From 1996 through 1998, the Saints returned to gold numbers on both the white and black jerseys, but complaints about the numbers on the white jerseys being too difficult to read forced the numbers on the white jerseys to be changed to black in 1999. The Saints wore black pants with a wide gold stripe with their white jerseys in 1999, but following a 313 season and the dismissal of coach Mike Ditka, the black pants were mothballed by new coach Jim Haslett.
2000s
In 2000, the Saints won their first playoff game as they hosted the St. Louis Rams and after having a better road record than home record, they wore their white jerseys, helping them get a 3128 win over the defending champion Rams. The defining play of the game came with the Saints clinging to a three-point lead with minutes to play. The Saints punted to the Rams’ Az-Zahir Hakim (who would play one season for the Saints in 2005), who fumbled the punt deep in Rams’ territory. Brian Milne recovered for the Saints, who then ran out the clock to preserve the victory.
In 2001, they wore their white jerseys in the first six home games. During that same year, they primarily wore black pants with both their white and black jerseys. They became the first NFL team to wear all-black uniforms in a week 5 road game against the Carolina Panthers, and again in weeks 16 and 17 in home games against the Washington Redskins and San Francisco 49ers.
In 2002, the Saints wore black pants with their white jerseys (except for the final road game, a 2013 loss in Cincinnati when they went back to the gold pants), and gold pants with their black jerseys, a gold alternate jersey, and a 1967-style throwback uniform. But one season later, they stopped using the alternates and again reverted back to wearing gold pants with both their black and white jerseys.
The team introduced a gold alternate jersey (worn with the black pants) during a December 15, 2002 game versus the Minnesota Vikings, a 3231 loss, but have never worn them since then. Because of the metallic gold’s bright color, the gold jerseys were considered the “light” jersey in the game, so the Vikings wore their purple home jerseys as the “dark” colored team. One team must wear “dark” and one team must wear “light”, the only exception being if both teams are wearing throwback uniforms, such as Thanksgiving Classic games. Today only the New England Patriots have a “light” jersey (their alternate, a bright metallic silver) that isn’t white in which the other team would wear their colored, or “dark” jerseys against them since the third jersey rule was implemented in the NFL in 2002.
The Saints also introduced a 1967-style throwback uniform in a 2320 win in week 13 (December 1) against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. This also was never worn again but re-introduction of the jerseys in stores suggests they may make a comeback as the Saints’ alternate uniform.
In 2006, to honor their return to Louisiana, the Saints wore a patch on their uniforms with an outline of the State of Louisiana with a fleur-de-lis superimposed, similar to the logo from the 1980s.
The Saints originally planned to wear white jerseys at home for the 2006 season, but during the season, the players voted to wear the black jerseys at home after the second home game. Since the team had informed the NFL office that they planned to wear white jerseys at home, each of the Saints’ remaining home opponents would have to agree to New Orleans’ request. The Atlanta Falcons, Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Cincinnati Bengals did not agree to the switch, forcing the Saints to wear white jerseys for that game.
Starting in week 13 of the 2006 season, the Saints wore white jerseys with black pants and in a Week 16 game in The Meadowlands against the New York Giants (a 307 Saints win), the Saints wore the black pants with their road white jerseys. The Saints later stuck with that combo in the NFC Championship in Chicago.
The Saints wore white jerseys for their first four home games of 2008. Three of the four games the white jerseys with black pants combination were worn at home, while the white jerseys with gold pants combination were worn for the first of those four games. The Saints chose to wear the all-black combination for the October 26 game at Wembley Stadium in London vs. the San Diego Chargers, in which New Orleans was the designated home team. They also wore black jerseys with black pants for the rest of their home games at the Superdome following the game at London.
The Saints wore their white jerseys at home for the first three home games of 2009. All with the white jerseys and gold pants combination. They have worn the all-black combo the last two home games. For its run through the 2009 playoffs, the team wore the gold pants.
Statistics
Record vs. opponents
(As of the 2009 NFL season. Includes postseason records.)
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties
Team
W
L
T
Percent
Last result
Last date
Last locale
Postseason
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
21
15
0
.583
L 20-17 OT
December 27, 2009
New Orleans, LA
Kansas City Chiefs
5
4
0
.556
W 3020
November 10, 2008
Kansas City, MO
Buffalo Bills
5
4
0
.556
W 277
September 27, 2009
Orchard Park, NY
Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts
6
5
0
.545
W 3117
February 7, 2010
Miami Gardens, FL*
10 postseason
New York Jets
6
5
0
.545
W 2410
October 4, 2009
New Orleans, LA
Detroit Lions
10
9
1
.526
W 4527
September 13, 2009
New Orleans, LA
St. Louis/Phoenix/Arizona Cardinals
13
13
0
.500
W 4514
January 16, 2010
New Orleans, LA
10 postseason
Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders
5
5
1
.500
W 343
October 12, 2008
New Orleans, LA
Seattle Seahawks
5
5
0
.500
W 2817
October 14, 2007
Seattle, WA
Jacksonville Jaguars
2
2
0
.500
W 4124
November 4, 2007
New Orleans, LA
Houston Texans
1
1
0
.500
L 23-10
November 18, 2007
Houston, TX
Pittsburgh Steelers
6
7
0
.462
L 38-31
November 12, 2006
Pittsburgh, PA
Cincinnati Bengals
5
6
0
.455
L 31-16
November 19, 2006
New Orleans, LA
Atlanta Falcons
37
45
0
.451
W 2623
December 13, 2009
Atlanta, GA
01 postseason
Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams
31
38
0
.449
W 2823
November 15, 2009
St. Louis, MO
10 postseason
New York Giants
11
14
0
.440
W 4827
October 18, 2009
New Orleans, LA
Carolina Panthers
13
17
0
.433
L 23-10
January 3, 2010
Charlotte, NC
Chicago Bears
11
15
0
.423
L 27-24 OT
December 11, 2008
Chicago, IL
02 postseason
Philadelphia Eagles
11
16
0
.407
W 4822
September 20, 2009
Philadelphia, PA
11 postseason
Miami Dolphins
4
6
0
.400
W 4634
October 25, 2009
Miami Gardens, FL
Houston Oilers/Tennessee Titans
4
7
1
.375
L 31-14
September 24, 2007
New Orleans, LA
Dallas Cowboys
8
15
0
.348
L 24-17
December 19, 2009
New Orleans, LA
Washington Redskins
8
15
0
.348
W 3330 OT
December 6, 2009
Landover, MD
San Francisco 49ers
23
45
2
.343
W 3117
September 28, 2008
New Orleans, LA
Green Bay Packers
7
14
0
.333
W 5129
November 24, 2008
New Orleans, LA
New England Patriots
4
8
0
.333
W 3817
November 30, 2009
New Orleans, LA
San Diego Chargers
3
7
0
.300
W 3732
October 26, 2008
London, England**
Minnesota Vikings
8
20
0
.285
W 3128 OT
January 24, 2010
New Orleans, LA
12 postseason
Cleveland Browns
4
11
0
.267
W 1914
September 10, 2006
Cleveland, OH
Baltimore Ravens
1
3
0
.250
L 35-22
October 29, 2006
New Orleans, LA
Denver Broncos
2
7
0
.222
L 34-32
September 21, 2008
Denver, CO
Total
279
377
5
.425
56 .456
* Super Bowl XLIV. The Saints were designated the visiting team for this game.
** The Saints were designated the home team for this game.
Single-game records
Passing Yards: 510 Drew Brees (November 19, 2006 vs Cincinnati Bengals)
Passing Yards Per Attempt: 16.1 Drew Brees (November 30, 2009 vs New England Patriots)
Passing Touchdowns: 6 Drew Brees (September 13, 2009 vs Detroit Lions) & Billy Kilmer (November 2, 1969 at St. Louis Cardinals)
Passer Rating: 158.3 Drew Brees (November 30, 2009 vs New England Patriots)
Consecutive Pass Completions: 19 Drew Brees (December 27, 2009 vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers)
Rushing Yards: 206 George Rogers (September 4, 1983 vs St. Louis Cardinals)
Rushing Touchdowns: 3 Reggie Bush (December 3, 2006 vs San Francisco 49ers)
Receiving Catches: 14 Tony Galbreath (September 10, 1978 at Green Bay Packers)
Receiving Yards: 205 Wes Chandler (September 2, 1979 vs Atlanta Falcons)
Receiving Touchdowns: 4 Joe Horn (December 14, 2003 vs New York Giants)
Punt Return Yards: 176 Reggie Bush (October 6, 2008 vs Minnesota Vikings)
Pass Interceptions, Game: 3 Sammy Knight (September 9, 2001 at Buffalo Bills)
Longest Interception Return for Touchdown: 99 yards Darren Sharper (October 4, 2009 vs New York Jets)
Field Goals, Game: 6 Tom Dempsey (November 16, 1969 at New York Giants)
Total Touchdowns, Game: 4 Joe Horn (December 14, 2003 vs New York Giants) & Reggie Bush (December 3, 2006 vs San Francisco 49ers)
Points Scored: 51 vs Green Bay Packers (November 24, 2008), at Seattle Seahawks (November 21, 1976) & at St Louis Cardinals (November 2, 1969)
Margin Of Victory: 420, November 20, 1988 vs Denver Broncos
Single-season records
Passing Attempts: 652 Drew Brees (2007)
Passing Completions: 440 Drew Brees (2007) NFL Record
Passing Completion Percentage: 70.6 Drew Brees (2009) NFL Record
Passing Yards: 5,069 Drew Brees (2008) only the 2nd QB in NFL history to have 5000+ passing yards in a season
Passing Touchdowns: 34 Drew Brees (2008 & 2009)
Passing Interceptions: 22 Aaron Brooks (2001)
Passing Rating: 109.6 Drew Brees (2009)
Rushing Attempts: 378 George Rogers (1981)
Rushing Yards: 1,674 George Rogers (1981)
Rushing Touchdowns: 13 George Rogers (1981), Dalton Hilliard (1989), and Deuce McAllister (2002)
Receiving Catches: 98 Marques Colston (2007)
Receiving Yards: 1,399 Joe Horn (2004)
Receiving Touchdowns: 11 Joe Horn (2004), Marques Colston (2007)
Quarterback Sacks: 17 Pat Swilling (1991) and La’Roi Glover (2000)
Pass Interceptions: 10 Dave Whitsell (1967)
Pass Interception Return Yards: 376 Darren Sharper (2009) NFL Record
Pass Interceptions Returned for Touchdowns: 3 Darren Sharper (2009)
Field Goals Made: 31 Morten Andersen (1985) and John Carney (2002)
Points: 130 John Carney (2002)
Total Touchdowns: 18 Dalton Hilliard (1989)
Punt Return Yards: 625 Michael Lewis (2002)
Kickoff Return Yards: 1,807 Michael Lewis (2002)
Longest Punt: 81 Tom McNeill (1969)
Points Scored, Season: 510 (2009)
Fewest Points Allowed: 202 (1992)
Offensive Yards Gained: 6,571 (2008)
Fewest Quarterback Sacks Allowed: 13 (2008)
Saints career records
Passing Attempts: 3,335 Archie Manning (197175, 7782), 2,771 Aaron Brooks (200005), 2,355 Drew Brees (200609)
Passing Completions: 1,849 Archie Manning (197175, 7782), 1,572 Drew Brees (200609), 1,565 Aaron Brooks (200005)
Passing Yards: 21,734 Archie Manning (197175, 7782), 19,156 Aaron Brooks (200005), 18,298 Drew Brees (200609)
Passing Touchdowns: 122 Drew Brees (200609), 120 Aaron Brooks (20002005), 115 Archie Manning (197175, 7782)
Passing Interceptions: 156 Archie Manning (19711982), 84 Aaron Brooks (200005)
Rushing Attempts: 1,298 Deuce McAllister (20012008)
Rushing Yards: 6,096 Deuce McAllister (20012008), 4,267 George Rogers (198184), 4,164 Dalton Hilliard (198693)
Rushing Touchdowns: 49 Deuce McAllister (20012008), 39 Dalton Hilliard (198693), 28 Chuck Muncie (197680)
Receiving Catches: 532 Eric Martin (19851993), 523 Joe Horn (200006), 309 Danny Abramowicz (196773)
Receiving Yards: 7,844 Eric Martin (19851993), 7,622 Joe Horn (200006), 4,875 Danny Abramowicz (196773)
Receiving Touchdowns: 50 Joe Horn (20002006), 49 Eric Martin (198593), 37 Danny Abramowicz (196773)
Quarterback Sacks: 123 Rickey Jackson (19811993), 82.5 Wayne Martin (198999), 76.5 Pat Swilling (198692)
Pass Interceptions: 37 Dave Waymer (19801989), 36 Tommy Myers (197281), 28 Sammy Knight (19972002)
Field Goals Made: 302 Morten Andersen (19821994), 140 John Carney (200106), 123 Doug Brien (19952000)
Extra Points Made: 412 Morten Andersen (19821994)
Points: 1,318 Morten Andersen (19821994), 631 John Carney (200106), 514 Doug Brien (19952000)
Total Touchdowns: 55 Deuce McAllister (20012008), 53 Dalton Hilliard (19861993), 50 Joe Horn (200006)
Punt Return Yards: 1,482 Michael Lewis (200106), 1,060 Tyrone Hughes (199396), 887 Jeff Groth (198185)
Kickoff Return Yards: 5,903 Michael Lewis (200106), 5,717 Tyrone Hughes (199396), 2,836 Rich Mauti (197780, 8283)
Games: 196 Morten Andersen (19821994)
Pro Bowl Players
The following Saints players have been named to the Pro bowl:
QB Drew Brees, Archie Manning
LT Jamal Brown, William Roaf
LG Jahri Evans, Brad Edelman, Jake Kupp
RG Jonathan Goodwin
LB Jonathan Vilma, Mark Fields, Keith Mitchell, Sam Mills, Vaughn Johnson, Pat Swilling, Rickey Jackson
SS Darren Sharper, Roman Harper, Tom Meyers
RT Jon Stinchcomb
DE Will Smith, Joe Johnson, Wayne Martin, Renaldo Turnbull, Bruce Clark
C LeCharles Bentley, Joel Hilgenberg
WR Joe Horn, Eric Martin, Wes Chandler
P Mitch Berger, Brain Hansen
RB Deuce McAllister, Brian Hansen, Dalton Hilliard, Rueben Mayes, George Rogers, Chuck Muncie, Andy Livingston
DT La’Roi Glover
CB Tyrone Hughes, Bennie Thompson, Dave Waymer, Dave Whitsell
K Morten Anderson, Tom Dempsey
TE Hoby Brenner, Henry Childs
FB Tony Baker
Super Bowl MVPs
The following Saints players have been named Super Bowl MVP:
Super Bowl XLIV – Drew Brees
Players of note
Main article: List of New Orleans Saints players
Current roster
New Orleans Saints roster
view talk edit
Quarterbacks
9 Drew Brees
10 Chase Daniel
Running Backs
25 Reggie Bush
44 Heath Evans FB
30 Lynell Hamilton
– Zak Keasey FB
46 Marcus Mailei FB
Wide Receivers
87 Adrian Arrington
12 Marques Colston
13 Rod Harper
19 Devery Henderson
17 Robert Meachem
81 Matt Simon
Tight Ends
84 Tory Humphrey
82 Tyler Lorenzen
88 Jeremy Shockey
Offensive Linemen
72 Tim Duckworth G
75 Na’Shan Goddard T
76 Jonathan Goodwin C
67 Jamar Nesbit G
77 Carl Nicks G
79 Jermey Parnell T
78 Jon Stinchcomb T
Defensive Linemen
98 Sedrick Ellis DT
94 Charles Grant DE
66 Earl Heyman DT
95 Rodney Leisle DT
93 Bobby McCray DE
90 DeMario Pressley DT
91 Will Smith DE
Linebackers
99 Stanley Arnoux ILB
52 Jonathan Casillas OLB
56 Jo-Lonn Dunbar OLB
54 Troy Evans OLB
58 Scott Shanle OLB
53 Mark Simoneau ILB
51 Jonathan Vilma ILB
59 Anthony Waters OLB
Defensive Backs
20 Randall Gay CB
32 Jabari Greer CB
38 Greg Fassitt CB
27 Malcolm Jenkins CB
35 Reggie Jones CB
22 Tracy Porter CB
29 Glenn Sharpe CB
37 Chip Vaughn FS
Special Teams
5 Garrett Hartley K
6 Thomas Morstead P
Reserve Lists
Vacant
Unrestricted FAs
11 Mark Brunell QB
– Dan Campbell TE
71 Kendrick Clancy DT
80 Darnell Dinkins TE
55 Scott Fujita OLB
57 Jason Kyle LS
60 Nick Leckey C
83 Billy Miller TE
31 Pierson Prioleau SS
42 Darren Sharper FS
96 Paul Spicer DE
Restricted FAs
92 Remi Ayodele DT
21 Mike Bell RB
70 Jammal Brown OT
74 Jermon Bushrod OT
97 Jeff Charleston DE
36 Kyle Eckel FB
73 Jahri Evans G
69 Anthony Hargrove DT
41 Roman Harper SS
50 Marvin Mitchell ILB
16 Lance Moore WR
39 Chris Reis SS
15 Courtney Roby WR
64 Zach Strief OT
85 David Thomas TE/FB
23 Pierre Thomas RB
24 Leigh Torrence CB
28 Usama Young FS
Rookies in italics
Roster updated February 23, 2010
Depth Chart Transactions
46 Active, 0 Inactive, 31 FAs
More rosters
Pro Football Hall of Famers
Doug Atkins DE 19671969
Earl Campbell RB 19841985
Jim Finks GM 19861993
Hank Stram Coach 19761977
Jim Taylor FB 1967
Mike Ditka Coach 19971999 (inducted for playing career with Chicago Bears and other teams, 196172)
Tom Fears Coach 19671970 (inducted for playing career, 19481956)
Rickey Jackson LB 19811993
Until the selection of Rickey Jackson in 2010, there had been no players in the Hall of Fame whose time with the Saints contributed to their selection; the others were chosen for their work with previous teams. However, Jim Finks’s tenure as Saints general manager was a significant factor in his selection.
Retired numbers
31 Jim Taylor (officially retired, but is assigned to active players)
81 Doug Atkins (officially retired, but is assigned to active players)
51 Sam Mills (officially retired, but is assigned to active players)
57 Rickey Jackson (officially retired, but is assigned to active players)
New Orleans Saints Hall of Fame
The Saints Hall of Fame is a non-profit organization created by and for fans of the team to protect, preserve, promote and present the history of the franchise. The Saints Hall of Fame is located at 415 Williams Boulevard in the Rivertown section of Kenner. Open from 9 am-5 pm Tuesday through Saturday, the Hall of Fame features exhibits and memorabilia covering the entire history of the Saints from their formation through the current season. Due to building damage received during Hurricane Katrina the Hall of Fame is temporarily located at Gate B in the New Orleans Superdome and can be visited for free at every Saints home game. Fans can view videotapes on Saints history and the Saints Hall of Famers as well participate in interactive exhibits throughout the Hall. The facility, which originally opened on July 16, 1988, was expanded to twice its’ original size in January 2004. Busts and paintings of each of the inductees along with their career highlights are one of the focal points of the museum, which is dedicated to preserving the history of the Saints franchise. New Orleans and Green Bay are the only two NFL franchises with a team Hall of Fame facility.
1988 QB Archie Manning, WR Danny Abramowicz
1989 S Tommy Myers, K Tom Dempsey
1990 QB Billy Kilmer
1991 NT Derland Moore, RB Tony Galbreath
1992 RB George Rogers, G Jake Kupp, C John Hill
1993 LB Joe Federspiel
1994 GM Jim Finks, TE Henry Childs
1995 DE Bob Pollard, DE Doug Atkins
1996 CB Dave Whitsell, DB Dave Waymer
1997 LB Rickey Jackson, T Stan Brock
1998 RB Dalton Hilliard, LB Sam Mills
1999 QB Bobby Hebert, WR Eric Martin
2000 LB Vaughan Johnson, LB Pat Swilling
2001 TE Hoby Brenner, DE Jim Wilks
2002 Coach Jim Mora, DE Frank Warren
2003 DE Wayne Martin, G/T Jim Dombrowski
2004 RB Rueben Mayes, Assistant Coach Steve Sidwell
20052006 C Joel Hilgenberg (2005 induction ceremonies postponed to October 27, 2006, due to Hurricane Katrina)
2007 DE Joe Johnson
2008 OT Willie Roaf
2009 K Morten Andersen
Joe Gemelli “Fleur-De-Lis” Award
Awarded yearly to a person who has contributed to the betterment of the New Orleans Saints organization.
1989: Al Hirt
1990: Joe Gemelli
1991: Dave Dixon
1992: Charlie Kertz
1993: Wayne Mack
1994: Erby Aucoin
1995: Aaron Broussard
1996: Marie Knutson
1997: Angela Hill
1998: Joe Impastato
1999: Frank Wilson
2000: Bob Remy
2001: Peter “Champ” Clark
2002: Dean Kleinschmidt
2003: Jim Fast
2004: Bob Roesler
200506: Bernard “Buddy” Diliberto (2005 induction ceremonies postponed to October 27, 2006 due to Hurricane Katrina)*
2007: New Orleans Saints fans
2008: Barra Birrcher
2009: Jerry Romig
New Orleans Saints head coaches
Main article: List of New Orleans Saints head coaches
Current staff
New Orleans Saints staff
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Front Office
Owner Tom Benson
Owner/Executive Vice President Rita Benson LeBlanc
Executive Vice President/General Manager Mickey Loomis
Director of Football Administration Khai Harley
Director of Pro Scouting Ryan Pace
Director of College Scouting Rick Reiprish
Assistant Director of College Scouting Brian Adams
Head Coaches
Head Coach Sean Payton
Assistant Head Coach/Linebackers Joe Vitt
Offensive Coaches
Offensive Coordinator Pete Carmichael, Jr.
Quarterbacks Joe Lombardi
Running Backs Bret Ingalls
Wide Receivers Curtis Johnson
Tight Ends Terry Malone
Offensive Line/Running Game Aaron Kromer
Offensive Assistant/Assistant Player Programs Carter Sheridan
Defensive Coaches
Defensive Coordinator Gregg Williams
Defensive Line Bill Johnson
Assistant Defensive Line Travis Jones
Secondary Dennis Allen
Assistant Secondary Tony Oden
Defensive Assistant/Linebackers Adam Zimmer
Special Teams Coaches
Special Teams Coordinator Greg McMahon
Assistant Special Teams Mike Mallory
Strength and Conditioning
Head Strength and Conditioning Dan Dalrymple
Assistant Strength and Conditioning Adam Bailey
Strength and Conditioning Assitant Charles Byrd
Coaching Assistants
Mike Cerullo, Blake Williams
Coaching Staff
Management
More NFL staffs
Radio and television
The Saints’ flagship station is WWL 870AM (FM Simulcast on WWL 105.3FM), one of the oldest radio stations in the city of New Orleans and one of the nation’s most powerful as a clear-channel station with 50,000 watts of power. Jim Henderson and Hokie Gajan form the broadcast team. Most preseason games are televised on Cox Sports Television and WVUE (Channel 8), a station which has been owned by a consortium led by Saints owner Tom Benson since mid-2008. Tim Brando and Solomon Wilcots call the preseason action.
References
^ “Louisiana Superdome history site”, Superdome.com, http://www.superdome.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=38, retrieved April 21, 2009
^ Sandomir, Richard (2010-01-26). “Sandomir, Richard. “Congress’s Team: Deal for Merger Included Saints,” ”The New York Times”, Wednesday, January 27, 2010″. Nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/27/sports/football/27sandomir.html?ref=sports. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
^ “saintsdoggle: UPDATE: Saints sell out suites for 2007 season; Season ticket wait list 25,000 deep; San Antonio finally giving up?”. Saintsdoggle.blogspot.com. 2007-03-15. http://saintsdoggle.blogspot.com/2007/03/t-p-saints-sell-out-suites-for-2007.html. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
^ http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/football/nfl/super-bowl/02/08/ratings.ap/index.html?eref=sihp
^
^
^ “Pro Football Hall of Fame page for Mike Ditka”. Profootballhof.com. 1939-10-18. http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/member.jsp?player_id=57. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
^ a b c d “Saints Hall of Fame Info”. New Orleans Saints. http://www.neworleanssaints.com/Team/Saints Hall Of Fame/Saints Hall of Fame Info.aspx. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
^ a b Brian Allee-Walsh, “Ex-Saints coach Jim Mora says Morten Andersen a shoo-in for Canton, Ohio”, Times-Picayune, November 6, 2009.
^ “Saints Radio Network Stations”. New Orleans Saints. http://www.neworleanssaints.com/News/Saints Radio.aspx. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: New Orleans Saints
New Orleans Saints Official Website
Achievements
Preceded by
Pittsburgh Steelers
2008
Super Bowl Champions
New Orleans Saints
2009
Succeeded by
current
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New Orleans Saints
Founded in 1967 Based in New Orleans, Louisiana
The Franchise
Franchise Seasons History Players Coaches Expansion draft First-round draft picks Starting Quarterbacks
Stadiums
Tulane Stadium Alamodome Giants Stadium Tiger Stadium Louisiana Superdome
Culture
Gumbo Sir Saint Who Dat? Hurricane Katrina Buddy D “When the Saints Go Marching In”
Lore
Archie Manning 63-yard Field Goal Dome Patrol River City Relay
Owners
Tom Benson Rita Benson LeBlanc
Head Coaches
Fears Roberts North Hefferle Stram D. Nolan Stanfel B. Phillips W. Phillips J.E. Mora Venturi Ditka Haslett Payton
Division Championships (4)
1991 2000 2006 2009
Super Bowl Appearances (1)
XLIV
League Championships (1)
2009
Seasons
1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Current League Affiliations
League: National Football League Conference: National Football Conference Division: South Division
v d e
New Orleans Saints Super Bowl XLIV Champions
5 Garrett Hartley | 6 Thomas Morstead | 9 Drew Brees (MVP) | 10 Chase Daniel | 11 Mark Brunell | 12 Marques Colston | 13 Rod Harper | 15 Courtney Roby | 16 Lance Moore | 17 Robert Meachem | 19 Devery Henderson | 20 Randall Gay | 21 Mike Bell | 22 Tracy Porter | 23 Pierre Thomas | 24 Leigh Torrence | 25 Reggie Bush | 27 Malcolm Jenkins | 28 Usama Young | 29 Glenn Sharpe | 30 Lynell Hamilton | 31 Pierson Prioleau | 32 Jabari Greer | 35 Reggie Jones | 36 Kyle Eckel | 37 Chip Vaughn | 38 Greg Fassitt | 39 Chris Reis | 41 Roman Harper | 42 Darren Sharper | 44 Heath Evans | 46 Marcus Mailei | 50 Marvin Mitchell | 51 Jonathan Vilma | 52 Jonathan Casillas | 53 Mark Simoneau | 54 Troy Evans | 55 Scott Fujita | 56 Jo-Lonn Dunbar | 57 Jason Kyle | 58 Scott Shanle | 59 Anthony Waters | 60 Nick Leckey | 63 Marlon Favorite | 64 Zach Strief | 66 Earl Heyman | 67 Jamar Nesbit | 69 Anthony Hargrove | 70 Jammal Brown | 71 Kendrick Clancy | 72 Tim Duckworth | 73 Jahri Evans | 74 Jermon Bushrod | 75 Na’Shan Goddard | 76 Jonathan Goodwin | 77 Carl Nicks | 78 Jon Stinchcomb | 79 Jermey Parnell | 80 Darnell Dinkins | 82 Tyler Lorenzen | 83 Billy Miller | 84 Tory Humphrey | 85 David Thomas | 87 Adrian Arrington | 88 Jeremy Shockey | 89 Dan Campbell | 90 DeMario Pressley | 91 Will Smith | 92 Remi Ayodele | 93 Bobby McCray | 94 Charles Grant | 95 Rodney Leisle | 96 Paul Spicer | 97 Jeff Charleston | 98 Sedrick Ellis | 99 Stanley Arnoux |
Head Coach: Sean Payton
Coaches: Dennis Allen | Adam Bailey | Charles Byrd | Pete Carmichael, Jr. | John Carney | Mike Cerrullo | Dan Dalrymple | Bret Ingalls | Bill Johnson | Curtis Johnson | Travis Jones | Aaron Kromer | Joe Lombardi | Terry Malone | Mike Mallory | Terry McMahon | Tony Oden | Carter Sheridan | Joe Vitt | Blake Williams | Gregg Williams | Adam Zimmer
v d e
National Football League (2010)
AFC
West
North
South
East
Denver Broncos
Baltimore Ravens
Houston Texans
Buffalo Bills
Kansas City Chiefs
Cincinnati Bengals
Indianapolis Colts
Miami Dolphins
Oakland Raiders
Cleveland Browns
Jacksonville Jaguars
New England Patriots
San Diego Chargers
Pittsburgh Steelers
Tennessee Titans
New York Jets
NFC
West
North
South
East
Arizona Cardinals
Chicago Bears
Atlanta Falcons
Dallas Cowboys
St. Louis Rams
Detroit Lions
Carolina Panthers
New York Giants
San Francisco 49ers
Green Bay Packers
New Orleans Saints
Philadelphia Eagles
Seattle Seahawks
Minnesota Vikings
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Washington Redskins
Seasons (by team) Playoffs AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl (Champions) All-Pro Pro Bowl
League Championship History: AFL Championship (19601969) NFL Championship (19201969) One-game playoff Playoff Bowl
Defunct franchises Owners Officials Stadiums (chronology) Records (individual, team, Super Bowl) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger History in Los Angeles, Toronto (Bills Series) International Series Europa (World Bowl) TV Radio Management Council NFLPA Player conduct Draft Training camp Preseason (Hall of Fame Game, American Bowl) Kickoff Monday Night Football Thanksgiving Classic Christmas games Playoff droughts
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Sports teams based in Louisiana
Baseball
PCL: New Orleans Zephyrs AA: Shreveport-Bossier Captains
Basketball
NBA: New Orleans Hornets
Football
NFL: New Orleans Saints AFL: Bossier-Shreveport Battle Wings SIFL: Lafayette Wildcatters Louisiana Swashbucklers IWFL: Louisiana Fuel Shreveport Aftershock – WFA: Acadiana Zydeco New Orleans Blaze
Hockey
CHL: Bossier-Shreveport Mudbugs – SPHL: Louisiana IceGators
Soccer
PDL: Baton Rouge Capitals New Orleans Jesters
Roller Derby
WFTDA: Big Easy Rollergirls
College athletics
(NCAA Division I)
Centenary Grambling Louisiana-Lafayette Louisiana-Monroe Louisiana Tech LSU McNeese State New Orleans Nicholls State Northwestern State Southeastern Louisiana Southern Tulane
Categories: New Orleans Saints | National Football League teams | Sports clubs established in 1967 | Sports in New Orleans, LouisianaHidden categories: Wikipedia semi-protected pages | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 | Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 | All articles containing potentially dated statements
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08. Michael Jackson – Earth song
Aug 12th
Michael Jackson – Earth songMichael Jackson – 24 Vídeos Clips 1. Amazing Dance 2. Bad 3. Beat It 4. Billie Jean 5. Black Or White 6. Blood On The Dance Floor 7. Childhood 8. Earth song 9. Heal The World 10. Heal The World 2 11. In The Closet 12. Jam 13. Man In The Mirror 14. Remember The Time 15. Say, Say, Say 16. Scream 17. Smooth Criminal 18. The Way You Make Me Feel 19. They Don’t Care About Us (Brasil) 20. Thriller 21. We Are The World 22. Who Is It 23. Will You Be There 24. Your Are Not Alone
06. Michael Jackson – Blood On The Dance Floor
Jul 6th
Michael Jackson – Blood On The Dance FloorMichael Jackson – 24 Vídeos Clips 1. Amazing Dance 2. Bad 3. Beat It 4. Billie Jean 5. Black Or White 6. Blood On The Dance Floor 7. Childhood 8. Earth song 9. Heal The World 10. Heal The World 2 11. In The Closet 12. Jam 13. Man In The Mirror 14. Remember The Time 15. Say, Say, Say 16. Scream 17. Smooth Criminal 18. The Way You Make Me Feel 19. They Don’t Care About Us (Brasil) 20. Thriller 21. We Are The World 22. Who Is It 23. Will You Be There 24. Your Are Not Alone